Holy Prepuce!

Detail from Circumcision of Christ by Friedrich Herlin, 1466

Before I saw a reference to the "Holy Prepuce," I didn't even know there was such a word. It is the foreskin (Latin præputium or prepucium) that is the result of the circumcision of a male. 

At first, I thought it was a joke post that anyone would claim to have the prepuce of Jesus Christ, but throughout history, different churches in Europe have claimed to have Jesus's foreskin. It seems so very strange. Almost sacrilegious. And, of course, miraculous powers have been ascribed to it.

I looked it up first on Wikipedia. It makes total sense that Jesus, being a Jewish boy, would have been required to be circumcised on the eighth day following their birth. Some churches celebrate the Feast of the Circumcision of Christ. Oddly, that falls on January 1 which would not be 8 days from Christmas. Oh well, there are lots of inconsistencies and paradoxes in the Bible stories. It is told in Luke 2:21 (King James Version).

The first reference to the survival of Christ's severed foreskin that starts all the legends to follow is in an apocryphal Arabic Infancy Gospel. In that version, an old Hebrew woman took the foreskin (others say she took the navel string) and preserved it in an alabaster box of old oil of spikenard.

Foreskin relics began appearing in Europe during the Middle Ages. In 800, Charlemagne (who said he got it from an angel) was said to have given it to Pope Leo III when being crowned Emperor. 

The journey of the Holy Prepuce as recorded on Wikipedia is convoluted. It was looted during the Sack of Rome in 1527, a German soldier stole it, it was taken back in the village of Calcata near Rome and venerated from that time onwards and the lace became a destination on the pilgrimage map.

However, in 1905, Pope Pius X authorized an inventory compiled by Professor Hartmann This devotion to the Holy Prepuce supposedly reflects an interest in showing the humanity of Jesus. 

In another article, the author says that "Depending on what you read, there were eight, twelve, fourteen, or even 18 different holy foreskins in various European towns during the Middle Ages." 

Most of the Holy Prepuces were lost or destroyed during the Reformation and the French Revolution. The one in the Italian village of Calcata was paraded through the streets as recently as 1983 on the Feast of the Circumcision, but that ended when thieves stole the foreskin in its jewel-encrusted case.

So, do any of the purported Holy Prepuces still exist? I can't say. My feeling is none ever did exist. Here's a crazy answer from an unconfirmed source: in the late 17th century the Vatican librarian Leo Allatius wrote an unpublished treatise entitled De Praeputio Domini Nostri Jesu Christi Diatriba (A Discussion of the Foreskin of Our Lord Jesus Christ), claiming that the Holy Prepuce ascended, like Jesus himself, and was transformed into the rings of Saturn.

Since I think the whole story is fictional, I'll add these two items.

In Chuck Palahniuk's book Choke, the main character is told that he was cloned from Jesus' foreskin.

James Joyce's Ulysses has Stephen Dedalus pondering the Holy Prepuce while he urinates with Leopold Bloom, in the section titled "Ithaca".

A Zealot and His Wife

I have had a long interest that is more historical than religious about the life of Jesus of Nazareth. I heard Reza Aslan interviewed about his book Zealot: The Life and Times of Jesus of Nazareth and I knew it was a story I'd want to read.

Aslan first did a bachelor’s degree is in religious studies with a minor was in biblical Greek. He then did graduate work at Harvard University in world religions, and a Ph.D. from UC Santa Barbara in the sociology of religions. He also has an MFA from the University of Iowa.


In this story from 2000 years ago, we follow an itinerant Jewish preacher and miracle worker who walked across Galilee and gathered around him followers to establish what he called the “Kingdom of God.”

He is a revolutionary. His movement threatened the established order. Like others of his time, he was captured, tortured, and executed as a state criminal.

What first caught my interest in Aslan's interview was that his disillusionment with the Bible stories grew as he studied them because of the inconsistencies of the stories told in the gospels, both those we know "officially" and others including the gnostic gospels.

The book puts Jesus back into his era. This first-century Palestine was filled with many Jewish prophets, preachers, would-be messiahs, miracle workers and magicians. It was the age of zealotry, which was a fervent nationalism that made resistance to the Roman occupation a sacred duty incumbent on all Jews.

The entire story is filled with contradictions. Jesus was a man of peace who told his followers to arm themselves with swords. He gave public displays of exorcisms and healings, but told his disciples to keep his identity a secret.

But the early Christian church portrayed Jesus as a peaceful spiritual teacher rather than a politically conscious revolutionary.

In another book, No god but God , Reza Aslan explains Islam. That is a topic that is also ancient but certainly is highly topical now. 

My reading of his books and further online searching led me to discover stories of "Jesus’s Wife." Though it sounds like a chapter from The Da Vinci Code, Aslan also discusses in Zealot  the women who followed Jesus.

Was Jesus Christ married to one of them? A scrap of manuscript suggests that he had a wife.

“The Gospel of Jesus’s Wife” papyrus  (Karen L. King / Harvard / AP)

It is a 1300-year-old scrap of papyrus that has the phrase “Jesus said to them, My wife.” It is written in the ancient language of Coptic.

When the Harvard historian of early Christianity, Karen L. King, presented the papyrus in 2012 at a conference in Rome, it caused a lot of interest and controversy. And the controversey seems to still be ongoing.

No manuscripts before had mentioned Jesus being married. The scrap of writing suggested that the complete manuscript might describe a dialogue between Jesus and the apostles over whether his “wife” was “worthy” of also being a disciple.

Was that woman Mary Magdalene? Aslan says that for a Jewish man of that time not to be married when he was in his thiries would have been very unusual. Jesus’ marriage would have been arranged by his parents, probably between his 16th and 30th birthdays. In rabbinic literature the age of twenty is given as the upper limit of marriage, and it was especially important for aspiring teachers and religious leaders.

portion of da Vinci's Last Supper

In The Da Vinci Code book and movie, the suggestion that sets the book in motion is that da Vinci painted the truth and showed Jesus next to his wife, Mary Magdalene. A character in the book says "The individual had flowing red hair, delicate folded hands, and the hint of a bosom.  It was, without a doubt … female."  Art historians have pointed out that da Vinci had painted other masculine biblical characters with a feminine appearance. In Saint John the Baptist , St. John the Baptist, who was described in writings as quite masculine in appearance, is painted quite feminine with long flowing hair and delicate hands.  So, is that Mary Magdalene at the right hand of Jesus, or a feminized John the Apostle? Obviously, da Vinci was not a witness to any "last supper" and if he did insert Mary, then where is the twelfth apostle that was described as being there? “And when the hour had come, He sat down, and the twelve apostles with Him.” (Luke 22:14)

Aslan doesn't really say that Jesus was married. Of course, many Christians refute Aslan's other claims. I saw articles online that claim his book is a Muslim view of Jesus. Conservative Christians also hated the recent Noah film for inserting what they saw as a a message about climate change. They were outraged by Martin Scorsese depicting Jesus as having sexual fantasies about Mary Magdalene in 1988’s The Last Temptation of Christ.

To humanize Jesus is to take him away from being a messiah or son of God. If, as Aslan posits, Jesus was married, was not a "virgin birth," that he was a Zealot who did not want to start a religion and that Jesus did not conceive of himself as partly divine - then we have some problems with the religions that believe those things to all be true.